Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed an exosome-coated stent with a “smart-release” trigger that could both prevent reopened blood vessels from narrowing and deliver regenerative stem cell-derived therapy to blood-starved, or ischemic, tissue.
Angioplasty – a procedure that opens blocked arteries – often involves placing a metal stent to reinforce arterial walls and prevent them from collapsing once the blockage is removed. However, the stent’s placement usually causes some injury to the blood vessel wall, which stimulates smooth muscle cells to proliferate and migrate to the site in an attempt to repair the injury. The result is restenosis: a re-narrowing of the blood vessel previously opened by angioplasty.
“The inflammatory response that stents cause can decrease their benefit,” says Ke Cheng, corresponding author of the research. “Ideally, if we could stop smooth muscle cells from over-reacting and proliferating, but recruit endothelial cells to cover the stent, it would mitigate the inflammatory response and prevent restenosis.” Cheng is the Randall B. Terry Jr. Distinguished Professor in Regenerative Medicine at NC State and a professor in the NC State/UNC-Chapel Hill Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering.
There are drug-eluting stents currently in use coated with drugs that discourage cell proliferation, but these anti-proliferative drugs also delay stent coverage by endothelial cells – which are the cells healthcare providers want to coat the stent.
To solve this problem, Cheng and his team developed a stent coating composed of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells. Exosomes are tiny nano-sized sacs secreted by most cell types. The idea behind the coating was two-fold: first, since the exosomes are composed of materials not much different from cell membranes they ‘camouflage’ the stent to trick smooth muscle cells and the body’s immune system. Second, the exosomes promote coverage of the stent by endothelial cells and, in the case of injury, travel downstream to the site to promote tissue repair.
To prevent premature depletion of the therapy, the stent releases exosomes when it encounters reactive oxygen species (ROS) – which are more prevalent during an inflammatory response.
“Think of it as a smart release function for the exosomes,” Cheng says. “Ischemic reperfusion injuries, which occur when blood flow is diminished and then reestablished, create a lot of ROS. Let’s say the heart is damaged by ischemia. The enhanced ROS will trigger the release of the exosomes on the stent, and regenerative therapy will travel through the blood vessel to the site of the injury.”
The research team performed in vitro testing to ensure biocompatibility and test the release mechanism. They found that in the presence of ROS, the exosomes released up to 60% of their secretions within 48 hours post-injury.
In a rat model of ischemic injury, the researchers compared their exosome-eluting stent (EES) to both a bare metal stent (BMS) and a drug-eluting stent (DES). They found that in comparison to the BMS, their stent performed better in both decreasing stenosis and promoting endothelial coverage. While the DES performed similarly to the EES in preventing restenosis, the EES was less injurious to the vessel wall and had better endothelial coverage overall. In addition, the exosomes released from EES promoted muscle regeneration in rats with hind limb ischemia. The researchers plan to test the stent in a large animal model with an eye toward eventual clinical trials.
“This bioactive stent promotes vascular healing and ischemic repair, and a patient wouldn’t need additional procedures for regenerative therapy after the stent is in place,” Cheng says. “The stent is the perfect carrier for exosomes, and the exosomes make the stent safer and more potent in tissue repair.”
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The research appears in Nature Biomedical Engineering and was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association. NC State postdoctoral research scholars Shiqi Hu and Zhenhua Li are co-first authors.
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Note to editors: An abstract follows.
“Exosome-eluting stents for vascular healing after ischaemic injury”
DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00705-0
Authors: Shiqi Hu, Zhenhua Li, Deliang Shen, Dashuai Zhu, Ke Huang, Teng Su, Phuong-Uyen Dinh, Jhon Cores, Ke Cheng, North Carolina State University
Published: April 5, 2021 in Nature Biomedical Engineering
Abstract:
Drug-eluting stents implanted after ischaemic injury reduce the proliferation of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and thus neointimal hyperplasia. However, the eluted drug also slows down the re-endothelialization process, delays arterial healing and can increase the risk of late restenosis. Here we show that stents releasing exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of reactive oxygen species enhance vascular healing in rats with renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, promoting endothelial cell tube formation and proliferation, and impairing the migration of smooth muscle cells. Compared with drug-eluting stents and bare-metal stents, the exosome-coated stents accelerated re-endothelialization and decreased in-stent restenosis 28 days after implantation. We also show that exosome-eluting stents implanted in the abdominal aorta of rats with unilateral hindlimb ischaemia regulated macrophage polarization, reduced local vascular and systemic inflammation, and promoted muscle tissue repair.
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