in her words: Taking Back ‘Hysterical’

Welcome to In Her Words, where women rule the headlines. Sign up here to get it delivered to your inbox. Let me know what you think at dearmaya@nytimes.com.

“If they want to call you crazy, fine. Show them what crazy can do.”

— Serena Williams, in a new Nike ad about women in sports

There is probably no better woman than Serena Williams to lead the charge of reclaiming the word “crazy.” In the past six months, she’s been penalized, fined and criticized for what she has said, has done, has worn and looks like — being called “crazy” by detractors all the while.

Her ability to flourish in spite of it has further endeared her to her legion of supporters, so it was no surprise when fans went, well, crazy on Sunday night when Williams’s new all-female Nike ad, “Dream Crazier,” premiered during the Oscars. (It’s already racked up over six million views on YouTube.)

The spot is a montage of some of the world’s greatest athletes doing what they do best, and defying authority while they do it. Williams, narrating, says women who express their emotions, their passion and their opinions have been called dramatic, nuts, delusional, unhinged, hysterical, irrational or crazy — seemingly reaching beyond the sports world to how women in all walks have been treated throughout time.

Women being labeled hysterical or crazy as a way to degrade them dates back centuries. “Hysteria” — which comes from the Greek word for womb, hystera — was one of the first mental health conditions attributed to only women.

“The idea was that any emotional display beyond the fairly tight boundaries of what was acceptable could be called hysteria,” Elaine Showalter, a feminist scholar who wrote an essay titled “Hysteria, Feminism and Gender,” told me this week.

(For example, newly released letters revealed that Charles Dickens tried to have his wife, the mother of his 10 children, imprisoned in an asylum while he pursued an affair. He claimed his wife’s “excitability” as sufficient basis for “moral insanity,” which at the time it was.)

[Sign up here to get In Her Words delivered to your inbox.]

The real politicization of the word, Showalter said, began around 1890 with the early suffrage movement and the rise of “the new woman”: an independent, challenging, confident, adventurous woman who laid claim to her emotions.

“That’s what the ad was getting at,” said Showalter, who is professor emerita of English at Princeton University.

During that time, hysterical and crazy were used mostly against two groups of women: those demanding entry to universities, particularly medical schools (“they’re going to overwork their brains” was an argument) and women who spoke publicly (they were seen as “abnormal, threatening and repulsive,” according to Showalter).

“Speaking out in public was so taboo and considered so unfeminine, any form of it was denounced as hysterical,” Showalter said.

Sound familiar? In 2017, Senator Kamala Harris was called “hysterical” by the former Trump aide Jason Miller for doing her job. (During a hearing, senators on the Senate Intelligence Committee, including Harris, were each allotted time to ask Jeff Sessions, then attorney general, about his involvement with Russians during the 2016 election.) When pressed as to how she was hysterical, Miller replied, “I mean, she was asking some tough questions.”

Serena Williams has long encouraged young women to assert themselves — echoing leaders of the past. Experienced suffragists would embolden younger women, Showalter said. “They’d say: ‘Don’t be afraid, you’re going to have to do it. You go out and speak in public, speak your mind and really say what you mean to say.’”

[READ MORE: Women Are Penalized for Anger at Work, Especially Black Women]

______

ICYMI: ‘A film about menstruation just won an Oscar!’

If you watched Sunday’s Oscars ceremony, you probably caught the director Rayka Zehtabchi’s acceptance speech for her documentary “Period. End of Sentence.” — about the stigma of menstruation in a rural Indian village. “I’m not crying because I’m on my period,” Zehtabchi said. “I can’t believe a film about menstruation just won an Oscar!”

What you might have missed was that an anonymous Oscar voter called the movie “icky” on his ballot. The film is “well done, but it’s about women getting their period, and I don’t think any man is voting for this film because it’s just icky for men,” he wrote, according to The Hollywood Reporter.

______

What else is happening

Here are five articles from The Times you might have missed.

• “I was a ‘me’ before #MeToo,” writes Lisa VanAllen, who testified against R. Kelly in a 2008 criminal trial. Last week, Kelly was charged with 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. [Read the story]

• “Thank you for honoring African royalty and the empowered way women can look and lead onscreen.” Hannah Beachler and Ruth E. Carter made Oscar history for black women. [Read the story]

• “Girls’ feelings matter, too.” Thanks to shows like “PEN15 and “Big Mouth,” the awkward, sex-obsessed pubescent girl is having a moment, writes Amanda Hess, a Times culture critic. [Read the story]

• “This is Captain Kate, but you can call me Captain.” Kate McCue, who became the first American woman to captain a cruise ship in 2015, will soon be at the helm of a billion-dollar ship designed by women. [Read the story]

• “Stop counting women.” We’re too far from parity among men and women for anyone to claim the current system is just, writes Katherine Mangu-Ward, who runs Reason magazine. [Read the story]

______

From the archives, 1922: ‘A final and complete official recognition’

You didn’t think the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in 1920, went unchallenged, did you? This week in 1922, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the amendment was valid despite various efforts to discredit it.

The challengers (namely Maryland, Tennessee and West Virginia) argued that the amendment had not been properly adopted or that it was unconstitutional.

After the court’s ruling, Alice Paul, vice president of the National Woman’s Party, declared the decision a “final and complete official recognition of the victory of a 72-year campaign by the women of the United States.” Next up, she said, was the fight for equality in political office, marriage, property, wages and children.

Sign up here to get future installments of In Her Words delivered to your inbox.

Are you on Instagram? Follow us here.